Research articles
Farideh Sadeghian; Mojgan Karbakhsh; Mahnaz Saremi; Iraj Alimohammadi; Hassan Ashayeri; Mahsa Fayaz; Maryam Rezaei; Soheil Saadat
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-9
Abstract
Background: Background: Conversation over the cell phone while driving is a known risk factor for road traffic crash. Using hands-free to talk on the cell phone may remove visual and manual distraction yet not the cognitive distraction.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to better understand the ...
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Background: Background: Conversation over the cell phone while driving is a known risk factor for road traffic crash. Using hands-free to talk on the cell phone may remove visual and manual distraction yet not the cognitive distraction.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to better understand the mechanisms of cognitive distraction due to hands-free cellphone conversation (HFPC) while driving.Methods: Twelve male and 12 female University students in Tehran, Iran, were selected via the consecutive convenient samplingmethod, and randomly assigned to one of the following administrations of cross-over quasi-experimental study design, during year2016: Administration 1, participants performed the tests while involved in HFPC, took rest for 60 minute, and then performed thetests another time without HFPC; Administration 2, participants performed the tests without HFPC, took rest, and then performedthe tests another time with HFPC. Each participant moved to the other administration after 7 to 10 days. The Vienna test system (VTS)was used to measure simple and choice reaction time, selective attention, visual orientation, and visual memory. Linear regressionanalysis was used to study the change in test scores due to HFPC.Results: The mean age of participants was 27.1 ± 5.3 years. A history of road traffic crash (regardless of severity) was reported among9 (37.5%) participants in the previous year. Hands-free cell phone conversation while driving was directly associated with mean timecorrect rejection score (P < 0.01) (selective attention), omitted response (P < 0.01) and median reaction time (P < 0.01) (choicereaction time), and mean reaction time (P < 0.01) (Simple reaction time). Moreover, HPFC was inversely associated with sum hits (P= 0.05) (selective attention), incorrect (P < 0.02) and correct response (P < 0.01) (choice reaction time), score based on viewing andworking time (P < 0. 01) (visual orientation), and visual memory performance (P < 0.01).Conclusions: Using hands-free devices to converse during driving, impaired reaction time, selective attention, visual orientationand visual memory, which are essential for safe driving. Thus, the use of these devices does not preclude cognitive distraction andshould be restricted
Research articles
Mozhgan Hashemieh; Elham Memari; Mehrdad Taheri
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-6
Abstract
Background: Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are very painful diagnostic procedures in pediatric candidates and must be done under sedation or analgesia. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of using Entonox gas during sedation and analgesia induction in pediatric candidates ...
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Background: Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are very painful diagnostic procedures in pediatric candidates and must be done under sedation or analgesia. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of using Entonox gas during sedation and analgesia induction in pediatric candidates of bone marrow aspiration.Methods: It was a single-blind, randomized clinical trial. All pediatric candidates of first time bone marrow aspiration were in- cluded and allocated to either group 1 or 2, using a random number table. In group 1, a combination of midazolam, fentanyl, ke- tamine, and propofol was injected intravenously. In group 2, the mentioned combination was injected intravenously and Entonox gas was used for patients’ ventilation. The goal was to reach level 4 sedation based on the Ramsay sedation scale. If needed, extra propofol was injected intravenously every minute. Physician and the helping nurse satisfaction of the procedure were evaluated. Duration of the procedure, the administered dosage for each patient, occurrence of any complications, and the recovery time were recorded. Results: A total of 88 cases with the mean age of 6.8 ± 3.6 years, and mean weight of 25.4 ± 12.5 kg were included in the study (50% female). Baseline and demographic data of the groups showed no significant difference. Propofol consumption was significantly lower in group 2, for whom Entonox gas was prescribed, compared with group 1 (P-value < 0.001). Decrease of recovery time ingroup 2 compared with group 1 was evident (P-value < 0.001). Physician and nurse’s satisfaction was higher in group 2 compared to group 1, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusions: It is likely that Entonox prescription during bone marrow aspiration in pediatric leads to decrease in consumption of propofol to provide proper sedation, shorter recovery time of the patients, and increased satisfaction in both the physician andnurse in charge of performing the procedure.
Research articles
Maryam Saber; Hassan Eftekhar; Mohammad Hossein Taghdisi; Ali Akbar Haghdoost; Tayebeh Fasihi Harandi; Davood Shojayzadeh
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-8
Abstract
Background: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are one of the essential measures of modern governments’ management to improve social, political, and developmental activities. They play an important role in the process of development in most countries. Objectives: The present study was conducted ...
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Background: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are one of the essential measures of modern governments’ management to improve social, political, and developmental activities. They play an important role in the process of development in most countries. Objectives: The present study was conducted to design and validate the checklist of NGOs’ practice in Kerman (Iran) where the scope of their activities is increasingly more diverse and complex. The availability and access to a valid and reliable instrument is essential for intervention and promotion of non-governmental organizations. Methods: The checklist was designed and validated from the literature review, existing reports, and current statutes of NGOs. Con- tent and structure validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), and internal consistency were used to measure the psy- chometric components of the checklist. Our sample consisted of all 150 licensed NGOs in Kerman, and sampling was conducted from April 2014 to September 2015. Results: While the checklist showed acceptable content validity, exploratory factor analysis revealed 3 factors: (a) social influence,(b) social structure, and (c) participatory experience. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that fit indices were acceptable as χ2 =1.65, CFI = 0.79, AGFI = 0.74, GFI = 0.82, and RMSEA = 0.1. The Cronbach‘s alpha was 0.7.Conclusions: Our results revealed that the checklist psychometric properties were acceptable. This checklist can be a start point for developing standard tools in the field of non-governmental organizations’ activity. In addition, this tool can be a guide for the evaluation and enhancement of NGOs’ activity.
Research articles
Mohsen Foadoddini; Mohammad Esmaiel Afzalpour; Hossein TaheriChadorneshin; Seyed-Hosein Abtahi-Eivary
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-9
Abstract
Background: Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) increase Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) expression. Athletics use anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory sup- plementations to reduce H2O2 and TNF-α level. ...
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Background: Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) increase Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) expression. Athletics use anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory sup- plementations to reduce H2O2 and TNF-α level. There is insufficient information about vitamin E supplementation on neurotrophic adaptations induced by intensive exercise training. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intensive exercise training in combination with vitamin E supplementation on BDNF and GDNF content of rat brain. Methods: In an experimental study in Iran, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to Control (C), Sham (S), Vitamin E (V.TE), Exercise training (ET), Exercise training + Vitamin E (ET+V.TE) groups, with 8 rats in each group. Exercise training on treadmill (27 m/minute) was carried out in combination with vitamin E supplementation (60 mg/kg/day) for six weeks. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05 using one-way analysis of variance (SPSS software, version 16.0). Results: Vitamin E supplementation increased brain vitamin E levels in V.TE and ET+V.TE groups (P = 0.001). Significant increments in the levels of H2O2 (P = 0.007), TNF-α, (P = 0.001), BDNF (P = 0.001), and GDNF (P = 0.001) in the ET group were shown; however, vitamin E supplementation could not change exercise-induced increases on the above-mentioned factors in the ET+V.TE group (the p-values were equal to 0.024, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Intensive exercise training increases BDNF and GDNF contents in the whole brain of rats, yet vitamin E does not influ- ence neurotrophic adaptations induced by intensive exercise training.
Research articles
Saeedeh Askari; Nasser Behroozi; Zahra Abbaspoor
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-7
Abstract
Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common psychosomatic disorders in reproductive-aged females and due to its less severe symptoms, administration of non-pharmacological interventions as the first-line is emphasized. Objectives: The current study aimed at examining the effect ...
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Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common psychosomatic disorders in reproductive-aged females and due to its less severe symptoms, administration of non-pharmacological interventions as the first-line is emphasized. Objectives: The current study aimed at examining the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy on PMS symptoms. Methods: The current randomized, controlled trial was performed on 40 students with PMS from Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz, Iran in the academic year 2016 - 2017. Students were allocated into 2 groups (20 subjects in each) using simple random sam- pling method by the random number table. Students in the intervention group received eight 1-hour sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy weekly and the students in the control group received no intervention. The PMS symptoms were as- sessed using the daily symptom records (DSR) questionnaire, before, just after the completion of intervention, and one month later. Results: In the intervention group, the mean score of PMS symptoms immediately (27.65 ± 7.34) and one month after the comple- tion of the intervention (28.15 ± 7.13) showed a significant reduction, compared with the pre-intervention scores (42±9.09) usingthe repeated measure test (P < 0.05). In the control group, the mean score of PMS symptoms immediately (40.05 ± 7.85) and one month after the intervention (40.15 ± 7.71), compared with that of the pre-intervention (40.25 ± 7.93) showed no significant changes in the control group (P > 0.05). Also, the symptoms of PMS significantly reduced in the intervention group in just after the inter- vention and the follow-up visit, compared with that of the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the findings, mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy could reduce physical and behavioral symptoms of PMS in the studied students
Research articles
Amir Hossein Faghihi Kashani; Ghazaleh Heydarirad; Seyde Sedighe Yousefi; Rasool Choopani; Mohamad Kamalinejad; Shahnaz Karkon Varnosfaderani; Seyed Hamdollah Mosavat
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-6
Abstract
Background: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most widespread gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, there is increasing evidence that not all patients respond to its current remedies.Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of “Satureja hortensis ...
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Background: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most widespread gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, there is increasing evidence that not all patients respond to its current remedies.Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of “Satureja hortensis L.” on improving the symptoms of mild to moderate GERD in adults. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial, we evaluated the efficacy of “Satureja hortensis L.” compared to placebo on the symptoms of GERD in fifty-eight adults with GERD who referred to Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2015. In order to assess GERD symptoms, a standardized questionnaire of frequency scale (FSSG) was used before and after the intervention. Results: Regarding within-group changes, a significant decrease was observed in FSSG, dysmotility-like symptoms and acid refluxrelated scores in both groups of the study after the intervention compared to baseline (P < 0.001). Regarding between-group anal- ysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of FSSG total scores (0.05 < P). Conclusions: According to the results of the current study, Satureja hortensis L. with the dose of 500 mg three times per day failed to improve the symptoms of GERD in adults compared to placebo. The significant reductions in the GERD scores in both groups seem to be related to the lifestyle modification that was prescribed to both groups
Research articles
Elham Ali Ibrahim Elamin; Mohammed Ahmed Suliman; Mohammed Eltoum Azoz; Elshazali Widaa Ali; Livesey David Olerile; Yulian Jiao; Yueran Zhao
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-6
Abstract
Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major global gastric infection and has been associated with changes in haematologi- cal parameters. Objectives: The present study aimed at establishing the effect of H. pylori infection on haematological parameters. Methods: We conducted a case-control study ...
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Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major global gastric infection and has been associated with changes in haematologi- cal parameters. Objectives: The present study aimed at establishing the effect of H. pylori infection on haematological parameters. Methods: We conducted a case-control study among 98 patients and 62 controls in Kosti teaching hospital in Sudan from July 2014 to July 2015. All patients and controls were investigated for complete blood count, peripheral blood picture, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Data were analysed using SPSS Version 23 at 95% confident interval. Results: There was a significant effect of H. Pylori infection on all haematological parameters (p ≤ 0.001), except for MCHC, WBCs, and total differential (p ≥ 0.001), at the rate of 89.80%, infection was recorded in patients with gastritis. However, after one month follow- up, the Hb, PCV, MCV Retic, and platelet count for GIa were found to be not significant (p ≥ 0.001) for all; 12.11 ± 1.11 g/dL, 40.33 ± 3.09 %, 81.36 ± 3.5 fL and 1.38 ± 0.84 %, 233700.0000 ± 34947.7400 cmm3, respectively. On the other hand, GIb, Hb, PCV, MCV, Retic and platelet counts were reported to be significant (p ≤ 0.001), for all; 10.33 ± 1.82 g/dL, 33.99 ± 3.48%, 111.01 ± 7.89 fL, 3.20 ± 1.24 %and 112895.6000 ± 41043.0500 cmm3. In the GII, all were found to be significant (p < 0.001), 8.58 ± 1.93 g/dL, 30.86 ± 3.10 %, 60.13 ± 4.44 fL 4.53 ± 1.84%, 317818.2000 ± 91442.7600 cmm3, except for the retic and platelet count (p ≥ 0.001). Conclusions: There was a significant effect of H. pylori infection on haematological parameters. The complete blood count and peripheral blood picture revealed that group Ia, group Ib, and group II were normocytic anemia, macrocytic anemia, and microcytic anemia, respectively.
Research articles
Samane Danaei; Seyed Hamid Madani; Sedigheh Khazaei; Babak Izadi; Elahe Saleh; Soraya Sajadimajd
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-5
Abstract
Background: Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) protein has been shown in a variety of human malignant tumors. In some of these tumors, such as breast carcinoma, targeted anti-Her2 therapy has been considered as a promis- ing therapeutic strategy. Objectives: The aim of ...
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Background: Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) protein has been shown in a variety of human malignant tumors. In some of these tumors, such as breast carcinoma, targeted anti-Her2 therapy has been considered as a promis- ing therapeutic strategy. Objectives: The aim of this analytic descriptive study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Her2 and its relation to grade and muscular invasion of urothelial bladder tumor.Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 179 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from patients with urothelial bladder tumors were selected for immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis using antibodies against Her2. IHC staining was evaluated according to the same criteria of breast carcinoma. Results: Her2 overexpression was detected in 49 patients (27.4%) and was significantly associated with high tumor grade and blad- der muscular involvement (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Her2/neu over expression is associated with aggressive behavior of urothelial bladder tumors. Assessment of Her2 sta- tus could be helpful to identify patients with a high probability of disease progression. Anti-Her2 therapy could be used in urothelial bladder cancers, however, this issue needs further studies.
Research articles
Saeed Ghobadi; Masoumeh Akhlaghi; Maral Mokhtari; Fatemeh Mohammadian
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-9
Abstract
Background: Long and repeated heating causes multiple physical and chemical changes in oil, which may result in serious biolog- ical damages upon consumption. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of heated oils used in fast food restaurants on metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress ...
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Background: Long and repeated heating causes multiple physical and chemical changes in oil, which may result in serious biolog- ical damages upon consumption. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of heated oils used in fast food restaurants on metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in rats. Methods: The experimental clinical study was performed during summer 2016 in Shiraz, Iran. For 13 weeks, 32 Sprague-Dawley ratsreceived one of the four diets: Group 1: basal diet mixed with 15% w/w heated oil containing total polar compounds (TPC) = 12.5% (TPC 12.5); Group 2: basal diet with 15% unheated oil used in group 1 (control TPC 12.5); Group 3: basal diet with 15% heated oil with TPC = 35% (TPC 35); and Group 4: basal diet with 15% unheated oil used in group 3 (control TPC 35). At weeks six and 13, blood samples were collected for determination of fasting glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Blood pressure was measured on the 13th week. Histopathological examination of liver slices was performed after euthanization of rats. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS software. Results: On the 13th week, the TPC 35 group had higher plasma glucose (+40.4 mg/dL, P < 0.05), triglycerides (+13.6 mg/dL, P < 0.05), aspartate transaminase (+34.3 U/L, P < 0.05), interleukin-1β (+453 pg/L, P < 0.01), and blood pressure (+16/5 mmHg, P < 0.05) than the control and higher glucose (+59.3 ng/L, P < 0.001), aspartate transaminase (+55.5 U/L, P < 0.05), total cholesterol (+6.5 mg/dL, P < 0.05), and 8-isoprostane (+8.5 mg/dL, P < 0.05) than the values on week six. On the 6th week, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)- cholesterol was higher in the TPC 35 group than TPC 12.5 (+4.0 mg/dl, P < 0.05) and the level of serum malondialdehyde was higher in the TPC 35 than the control (+0.49 μmol/L, P < 0.001). On the 13th week, more histological changes were observed in rats of the heated oil groups.Conclusions: Long-term consumption of fried foods from fast food restaurants may have detrimental impact on blood pressure, serum glucose and lipids, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and liver histology.
Research articles
Mohammad Azizkhani; Marzieh Vahid Dastjerdi; Maliheh Tabaraee Arani; Reyhaneh Pirjani; Mahdi Sepidarkish; Fereshteh Ghorat; Mehrdad Karimi
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-8
Abstract
Background: Dry cupping has been used as a treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding in Iranian traditional medicine.Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the usefulness of dry cupping on excessive menstrual blood loss in menorrhagia with a well- validated menstrual pictogram compared to medroxyprogesterone ...
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Background: Dry cupping has been used as a treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding in Iranian traditional medicine.Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the usefulness of dry cupping on excessive menstrual blood loss in menorrhagia with a well- validated menstrual pictogram compared to medroxyprogesterone acetate.Methods: A total of 162 women with menorrhagia were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, controlled trial in Iran from 2015 to 2016. Written informed consent was obtained, then, patients were randomly allocated into dry cupping (three sessions of in- terrupted and kinetic dry cupping during menstrual bleeding) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (10 mg/day throughout the luteal period) groups using a random number sequence. The number of bleeding days and objective estimation of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) were recorded before the intervention and at specific intervals (one and 3- months post-intervention).Results: At one and 3-months, PBAC scores were significantly lower in women treated with cupping compared with women treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate. These reductions in PBAC score were 214.9 mL with 95% CI (120.5 to 309.2) greater than medrox- yprogesterone acetate at one month and 237.3 with 95% CI (143.0 to 331.7) at 3- month follow- up period. Reduction in the number of bleeding days in the cupping group for almost one day was better than the control groups at one and 3-months follow- up (Mean difference:-1.03, 95% CI (-1.78 to -0.26), P = 0.007).Conclusions: Dry cupping is an effective treatment in reducing the intensity of bleeding during the menstrual period compared to medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Research articles
Navin Kumar Devaraj
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-4
Abstract
Introduction: Dengue fever remains an infectious disease that reaches epidemic proportions in many tropical countries. Its man- agement remains a challenge, more so in patients, who have chronic medical conditions that require fluid restriction, such as dengue fever. Case Presentation: This case report ...
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Introduction: Dengue fever remains an infectious disease that reaches epidemic proportions in many tropical countries. Its man- agement remains a challenge, more so in patients, who have chronic medical conditions that require fluid restriction, such as dengue fever. Case Presentation: This case report will investigate the management of fluid replacement in a chronic heart failure patient with dengue fever, Mr ZK, in a district hospital of the state of Selangor in Malaysia a year ago. His fluid requirement was managed based on the existing guidelines, his clinical status, and blood parameters. He was safely discharged after three days of hospital stay without any of the complications of chronic heart failure or dengue fever. Conclusions: Management of dengue fever in patients, who have fluid restriction as one of their management regimens remains a huge challenge, requiring regular monitoring, and good clinic acumen. This was one of the elements explored in this case report
Case reports
Fardad Ejtehadi; Amir Anushiravani; Ehsan Zare; Mohammad Reza Pashaei; Maryam Moini
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-4
Abstract
Introduction: Gastric bezoars are formed by accumulation of non - digestible material in the stomach. They are found mostly in patients with delayed gastric emptying or special psychiatric diseases. Therapeutic options are medical dissolution therapy and endoscopic techniques. Surgery options are kept ...
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Introduction: Gastric bezoars are formed by accumulation of non - digestible material in the stomach. They are found mostly in patients with delayed gastric emptying or special psychiatric diseases. Therapeutic options are medical dissolution therapy and endoscopic techniques. Surgery options are kept for refractory or emergency cases.Case Presentation: We report 2 cases of successful non surgery, endoscopic treatment of huge gastric bezoars, which were refrac- tory to medical dissolution therapy and conventional endoscopic techniques such as bezoar fragmentation by polypectomy snare, Basket, Argon Plasma Coagulation device, and different types of foreign body retrieval forceps. In June 2015 and September 2017 in the Namazi hospital (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran) bezoars fragmentation were conducted successfully by elec- trohydraulic lithotripsy catheter (Nortech Aoutolith and copy, Northgate technologies, INC.) under direct visualization during the endoscopy. This instrument is primarily designed to crush urinary tract and bile ducts stones avoiding open surgery. Taking theadvantages of its capabilities, we used electrohydraulic lithotripsy catheter for huge gastric bezoar fragmentation.Conclusions: In the endoscopic treatment refractory gastric bezoars, electrohydraulic lithotripsy can be used as an excellent alter- native option to surgery. This technique is safe, feasible, and uncomplicated without any need for surgery.
Research articles
Cemile Dayangan Sayan; Sadiye Visal Buturak
Volume 20, Issue 1 , 2018, Pages 1-7
Abstract
Background: Hypremesis Gravidarum (HG) is a common disease in pregnancy during the first trimester. Patients suffering from HG commonly present with dehydration, nutritional depletion, electrolyte imbalance, and the loss of at least 5% of body weight. Although the psychological etiology of HG is not ...
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Background: Hypremesis Gravidarum (HG) is a common disease in pregnancy during the first trimester. Patients suffering from HG commonly present with dehydration, nutritional depletion, electrolyte imbalance, and the loss of at least 5% of body weight. Although the psychological etiology of HG is not clear, it has been shown that psychiatric symptoms are extensively present in patients with HG. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperament, attachment style and hyperemesis gravidarum.Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted at Kırıkkale University Hospital in Kırıkkale, Turkey, between May 2015 and May 2017. A total of 98 pregnant women suffering from HG in their first trimester of pregnancy (HG group) and 95 healthy pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy (control group) were included in the study. Adult attachment styles were determined as secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissing. The evaluation of temperament was done using the TEMPS-A scale. Results: The mean secure attachment style score in the HG group was 3.9 ± 0.9 and significantly lower than the mean attachment style score (4.6 ± 1.1) in the control group (P = 0.001). In the TEMPS-A scale, patients with HG showed significantly higher mean depressive (9.7 ± 3.8) and mean anxious scores (13 ± 2.3) than those of the control group (6.6 ± 2.9 and 8 ± 0.9, respectively) (P = 0.001 and P = 0.040, respectively).Conclusions: This study revealed that HG patients had more common depressive and anxious temperament characteristics and lower secure attachment style than non-HG patients. Due to the fact that attachment and temperament styles are relatively stable throughout life, we thought that psychiatric problems may play a role on development of HG
